With the vigorous development of space missions in Earth orbit, Lunar orbit, and Mars orbit as well as other missions such as Lunar or Martian research stations, the efficient utilization of solar energy resources in the space environment is critical for these missions. Perovskite solar cells have attracted much attention due to their excellent optoelectronic properties, low cost and simple fabrication process. We comprehensively introduced the research progress of perovskite solar cells/materials both domestically and internationally, including the basic optoelectronic properties, geometric structures, and research status of perovskite solar cells. We also focused on the application of perovskite solar cells in space environments, for example, their performance under special conditions such as high-energy particle irradiation, large temperature cycling and UV irradiation. Finally, a summary and explanation of the challenges it faces in the aerospace field was provided, and then we proposed the key issues needed to be investigated and solved in future.

The future development of space transportation system is studied. To this end, the development planning of main space powers in the world has been summarized, the main development trend of world space was then discussed and the capability requirements are analyzed for future space transportation system. On this basis, current transportation system development is further reviewed. Afterwards, the mission mode concepts and initial transportation system schemes are proposed for future large-scale access to space, space orbital transportation and human Mars explorations, providing suggestions for future development of China's space transportation systems.

China's Tiangong space station has been fully completed in 2022, and its rich application resources provide a broad open experiment platform for on-orbit technology verification. Facing the frontiers of world science and technology and the needs of future missions such as manned deep space exploration, space resources exploitation and use, and on-orbit services, the research and development of domestic and international space station technology experiments are analyzed and summarized in this study. The development of ideas for space technology experiments on the Chinese space station is also proposed, the trends in the development of space technology experiments on space stations are demonstrated, and technology development in the various research directions is foreseen, with a view to breaking through a series of key technological bottlenecks and solving the "neck-breaking" problems constraining the development of spaceflight. This paper provides a useful reference for giving full play to the benefits of space station applications and supporting the construction of a strong spacefaring nation.

A major aspiration in human space exploration is to establish a permanent lunar base. Europe, the United States, and China have successively proposed roadmaps and specific plans for construction of permanent lunar bases around 2030, with a key prerequisite of a safe, stable, and reliable water resource supply. Recent exploration and analysis suggests that the Permanent Shadow Regions (PSRs) at the lunar poles may contain adequate amount of natural water ice. However, our understanding of the evolution of water ice in geological timescale is largely limited, leading to a lack of reliable initial and boundary conditions for research on the large-scale recovery of lunar water ice: Elucidating the diffusion mechanics of rarefied water vapor in lunar regolith is crucial for clarifying formation and evolution of lunar water ice reservoirs. However, water ice in lunar PSRs is in extreme environment of extremely low temperatures, high vacuum, and is mixed with lunar regolith, that makes the diffusion models adopted for Earth conditions inapplicable. Specifically, there is lack of rigorous thermodynamic description for extremely sparse water vapor molecules within the microstructure of porous media, lunar regolith-water interaction data, in-situ packing structure of lunar regolith, and theory for diffusion in porous media under infinitely large Knudsen number. To address the aforementioned issues and thus establish a solid theoretical foundation for further exploration and recovery of lunar water resources, it is necessary to strengthen theoretical research, and to design more targeted analysis and testing of lunar samples in the future.

With the rapid development of human space activities, the outer space environment has become increasingly complex and disorderly, the threat to outer space security has increased significantly, and the long-term sustainability of space activities is facing serious challenges. In this paper we give a comprehensive introduction to the latest situation of outer space security, and systematically analyze the impact on the long-term sustainability of outer space security, such as the increasing amount of space debris, the rapid deployment of large-scale constellations in low orbit, the rapid eruption of new and commercial space activities, the increasingly fierce competition for outer space resources, and the intensifying militarization of outer space. The article points out that from the perspective of building a community with a shared future in outer space, the security of national space assets, and the construction of a space power, the governance of outer space environment is the general trend of the times and the only way out, it will be pregnant with great opportunities such as space technology innovation, industrial revolution, and legal establishment. Based on the national conditions, the countermeasures and development suggestions of China are put forward.

Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs) are rich in mineral resources. NEAs mining can not only obtain rare and precious metal minerals such as platinum group and rare earth elements needed for sustainable development of the Earth, but also provide a large amount of necessary materials for construction of space infrastructure and extensive space exploration. It has become a forefront direction of international aerospace and is engineering feasible for practice. This article analyzes the resource characteristics of NEAs and proposes a NEAs mining architecture from the perspectives of low cost, large scale, and economy. We also establishes a preliminary evaluation method for the total amount of minerals and a mining benefit evaluation method with the goal of net resource benefit. Analysis shows that even though a small NEA with a diameter of 50 meters can be worth trillions of RMB. NEAs mining missions need to comprehensively consider the cost of mineral transportation and the mineral benefits obtained, and select the appropriate velocity increment to reach the mining NEA object. To achieve higher net benefits under certain accessibility, in-situ minerals beneficiation and propellant production are required to improve ore grade and provide return propellant.

The Europa Clipper is the largest planetary explorer built by NASA to date. The goal of the mission is to assess the habitability of Jupiter’ s moon: Europa. After entering Jupiter orbit in 2030, the flight system will collect science data while flying past Europa 49 times. We explained, from a scientific research perspective, why Europa was selected as the target for this mission, outlining the scientific objectives of the Europa Clipper and its nine scientific instruments, as well as the implications of this mission for space science.

The development and utilization of lunar resources is the core content and focus of lunar exploration by major space powers in the new era. We first introduces the technical challenges in lunar resource development engineering, and then proposes a cost-effective, large-scale technology scheme for the batch return of lunar resources. The core of this scheme is a newly designed lunar-based magnetic levitation rotational ejection system, and it offers significant advantages and features, such as strong originality, easy implementation, and high efficiency. Therefore, it can substantially enhance the efficiency of lunar resource transportation, and reduce return costs. Moreover, it has important practical significance for achieving large-scale batch return of lunar resources and promoting their commercial development. Additionally, We proposed a conceptual design for a large scientific facility of the lunar resource development and application system, aiming at supporting future lunar exploration scientific research as well as resource development and utilization.

On 27 September 2022 CST, the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission implemented a kinetic impact into asteroid named Dimorphos, the secondary star in the Didymos binary asteroid system, at a speed of about 6.2 km/s, which shortened the substar’s orbital period by 32 minutes. The DARTmission realized the first in-orbit demonstration of Near Earth Asteroid Deflection. It verified the key technologies of practical asteroid defense such as high-precision guidance and control technology for high-speed impact in deep space, numerical simulation and evaluation of the deflection effect, and proved the feasibility of kinetic impact for asteroid deflection. This mission is a milestone for mankind to proactively deal with the threat of asteroid in the future.In this paper, the DART’s target selection principle, mission design, guidance and control technology, deflection evaluation method and other aspects are analyzed. On this basis, the overall design of two forms of asteroid disposal mission is proposed, and the mission orbit, ground observability and deflection effect are analyzed.

As countries embark on a new wave of unmanned and manned lunar exploration,lunar space becomes increasingly crowded and the need for Cislunar space debris detection becomes more and more intense.In this paper,the current lunar debris in lunar orbit is introduced.The main international equipment for Cislunar space debris detection is introduced,including the Goldstone Solar system radar,Arecibo planetary radar and Green Bank Observatory planetary radar.The achievements of these radar systems for lunar debris detection are also introduced.Combined with the technical status of the main equipment of the deep space network and the radio astronomy observation network,the development suggestions of the equipment construction of Cislunar space debris detection are put forward,by using the deep space network and the radio astronomy observation network.

Regarding existing dust dynamics simulations, a continuous charging model was commonly employed, neglecting the influence of the quantized nature of electric charges on nanoscale dust grains. In this study, focusing on the dust stream phenomenon originating from Io, a stochastic charging process was considered in the dynamic modeling to more accurately simulate the nanoscale dust grains' evolution of the electrical charge and trajectory. The simulation results obtained from the stochastic charging model indicate that only dust grains within the size range of 8~200 nm are capable of escaping from the Jovian magnetosphere at speeds of 6~240 km/s. Subsequently, upon comparing the simulation results of the continuous charging model, it was determined that accounting for the "quantization" and "randomness" of the charging mechanism is essential in the dynamic simulation process of tiny dust particles carrying a small charge. Finally, a simplified model was employed to estimate the size range of dust stream particles, and the theoretical results generally agree with the simulation results obtained from the stochastic charging model. The peculiar plasma and magnetic field environments of Jupiter system collectively shape the dust stream phenomenon, while the stochastic charging process further contributes to the diverse evolution of dust particle trajectories.

Space weathering, including micrometeorite impacts and solar wind irradiation, leads to the formation of metallic iron particles that range in size from nanometers to micrometers. These particles are commonly found on the surfaces of airless bodies, such as the Moon. Their presence significantly alters the spectral properties of the lunar surface, and the resultant optical effects vary depending on the particle size, making accurate interpretation of remote sensing data challenging. Despite decades of research, the formation mechanisms of metallic iron particles of different sizes remain unresolved. In this study, we conducted a systematic microscopic analysis of glasses from China's Chang'e-5 lunar soil samples, focusing on impact glass beads with well-defined impact origins and rotational features. We successfully distinguish large and small metallic iron particles formed before and after the solidification of these glass beads, clarifying them as products of micrometeorite impacts and solar wind irradiation, respectively. This research highlights the distinct roles of impacts and irradiation in space weathering, enhancing our understanding of the interaction between space environments and the lunar surface, and offering valuable insights for predicting weathering behavior under different space conditions.

During lunar surface exploration activities, the operations of astronauts and equipment significantly elevate dust concentrations beyond natural levels. These charged lunar dust particles not only affect the performance of space equipment but also pose serious health threats to astronauts due to their high abrasiveness and biotoxicity. To systematically understand lunar dust contamination, we first reviewed the physicochemical and electrical properties of lunar dust to gain insights into its contaminating behavior. By summarizing the dust-related issues encountered in previous lunar missions, we provided a detailed analysis of the impact of this contamination on various systems of lunar exploration equipment. Finally, we examined existing lunar dust mitigation strategies, evaluating their strengths, weaknesses, suitable scenarios, and future development directions, with a focus on dust prevention and removal technologies that primarily utilize electromagnetic forces. Future research will concentrate on in-depth investigations of key technologies for active dust prevention and removal through electric fields in simulated lunar environments, ensuring the smooth progress of lunar exploration activities and safeguarding the health and safety of astronauts.

With the increase of human demand for natural resources and the consumption of mineral resources on the Earth, it has become an inevitable trend of development to obtain resources from outer space, asteroid mining has a very high economic value. In recent years, NASA's OSIRIS-REx and JAXA's Hayabusa 2 missions have both successfully returned samples from asteroids. China's Tianwen-2 mission will also carry out asteroid sampling and return. However, asteroid mining just remains at the conceptual stage. In this work, we studied two asteroid mining schemes, surface mining and fly capture, as well as the associated dynamical problems, based on the modeling of asteroid polyhedral gravitational fields and spherical harmonic series surface. For surface mining, we proposed an efficient asteroid surface mining method, with selecting asteroid Bennu as the target, and analyzed the surface dynamical characteristics of Bennu in relation to the requirements for surface mining. For fly capture, we used a concentrated mass nonlinear spring-damper model to simulate the dynamic process of capturing an asteroid with a flexible tether net, and analyzed the displacement, velocity and acceleration of some nodes, which could provide theoretical guidance for future asteroid mining missions.

Solar in-situ sintering of lunar soil can effectively realize the in-situ utilization of lunar resources, and is expected to be one of the most potential processes for lunar base construction. In this study, the test system of solar concentrating die sintering based on HUST-1 simulated lunar soil was set up. The surface radiation and solid heat transfer in the process of solar concentrating sintering were calculated by COMSOL, and the initial test of sintering under atmospheric and vacuum environment was carried out. The simulation results show that when the solar irradiance is 1368 W/m², the temperature in the mold can reach 1100℃, which meets the dynamic requirements of lunar soil sintering. The experimental results show that the sintering temperature is the key process parameter of lunar soil sintering in solar concentrator mold. When the temperature in the mold reaches 800℃, the simulated lunar soil solid-state sintering starts. Due to the difficulty of heat preservation caused by the scattering of sunlight by suspended particles in the Earth's atmosphere and the rapid heat dissipation in the sintering stage at high temperature, the formed blocks have low strength. Therefore, it is necessary to further optimize the test system to explore the densification mechanism of simulated lunar soil by solar concentrating sintering.

European Space Agency's mission Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) is the most advanced and complicated spacecraft ever launched in Jovian system exploration. As the first large mission of European Space Agency's "Cosmic Vision 2015-2025", JUICE is dedicated to making detailed observations of the largest planet in the solar system and characterizing Jupiter's three large icy moons Ganymede, Callisto and Europa to determine their habitability. JUICE mission's scientific objects, payloads, trajectory and key functions of the spacecraft are analyzed and discussed. A Jovian system exploration mission layout is proposed. Some advices and thoughts about China's Jovian system exploring mission are given based on the discussion.

The increasing amount of space objects poses a severe threat to space activities in near-Earth orbits.Space situational awareness technology is crucial for monitoring space objects,assessing space events,and ensuring on-orbit safety.The application of AI in space situational awareness offers unique advantages,manifested in its analytical and mining capabilities for sensor data,its self-learning and transferability capabilities in the face of complex and dynamic space environmental factors,as well as its ability to integrate prior knowledge and existing data for decision-making and prediction.This article provides an overview of AI research progress in the field of space situational awareness,encompassing three dimensions:data,perception,and decision-making.To address the characteristics of space data and the new challenges faced by space situational awareness systems,new approaches involving emerging AI technologies such as distributed machine learning and multi-agent systems for data sharing and collaborative monitoring are proposed.

Extraterrestrial Artificial Photosynthetic (EAP) technology aims to simulate the natural photosynthesis of green plants in the extraterrestrial space environment, and convert carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbon-containing fuels through physicochemical processes, making it a promising technology for efficient carbon dioxide conversion and oxygen regeneration. This technology can not only convert the carbon dioxide produced by human respiration into oxygen to realize the regeneration of waste in confined spaces and greatly reduce the material supply requirements of manned space station or manned deep space spacecraft, but also utilize the abundant carbon dioxide and water in-situ resources of the extraterrestrial environment such as Mars to produce oxygen and fuel to achieve the extraterrestrial survival of human beings on other planets. This paper comprehensively overviews the recent progresses of extraterrestrial carbon dioxide conversion technologies. It also clarifies the concept and connotation of EAP technology and analyzes its characteristics and application prospects. On this basis, this study first proposes the space experiment objectives of EAP technology, and then presents the design of the experimental payload, relevant ground tests results, and on-orbit experiment progress. Finally, this paper summarizes and prospects the research progress of EAP technology.

As one of the solar terrestrial planets with environment most similar to Earth, Mars has been the major target planet for deep-space explorations as well as space immigrant. The history of Martian exploration is more than 60 years, and a total of 47 missions have explored Mars and made many important discoveries. Sulfates, as an important product of Martian aqueous alteration/water-rock interaction, can be studied to understand the evolutionary history of Martian water, reveal the climate change of Mars, and assess the possibility of biosignature preservation and the habitability of surface environment. In this paper, we review the exploration history of Martian sulfates, and discuss the importance of laboratory sulfate modeling studies, and the implications of sulfates for future resource utilizations on Mars. We hope our study would contribute to the future Mars explorations as well as the construction of Martian research station.

The successful implementations of Chang'e-5 and Chang'e-6 lunar sampling return missions and the Tianwen-1 Mars exploration mission indicate that China has entered into a new stage of deep space exploration. The study of the space environment of planets is of great significance for understanding the evolution laws of planets and for the future in-situ resource utilization. A review on the planetary space environment exploration missions that have been implemented or under preparation for the future by human beings was given in this paper. Opportunities and challenges faced by China's planetary space environment research were discussed, and some suggestions for the future developments were also given.

The Moon's extraordinary location and surroundings provide astronomers with a unique chance to gaze into the cosmos. Nations and organizations like China, the US, ESA, Russia, Japan and India are energetically advancing their lunar expeditions. As they design multifaceted missions, selecting a site demands a meticulous evaluation of all scientific needs. This article primarily delves into the essential demands for a lunar-based UV-optical-IR observatory, presenting a quantitative analysis technique to evaluate whether a candidate site is up to par for astronomical observation needs. This systematic approach is universally applicable for site analysis at any location on the lunar surface, and serves as a crucial foundation for assessing potential sites, such as those under consideration for future international lunar research station, in ongoing and planned lunar exploration endeavors.

The charged debris generated inside the conductive slip ring of the spacecraft will not only aggravate the wear of the slip ring, but also cause electric field distortion, induce vacuum flashover along the surface, and affect the working reliability of the solar cell array. In the paper, we simulate the distribution of the electric field, potential and magnetic field inside the conductive slip ring, and then study the motion of the live friction. Simulation analysis shows that the maximum internal electric field of the conductive slip ring under the electrostatic field is 2.65×10⁴ V/m, and the charged dust moves to the side of the insulated baffle, and the maximum speed can reach 3.92×10⁻³ m/s. In the space electron irradiation environment, the maximum value of the internal electric field is 3.7×10⁸ V/m, which appears at the “triple combination” point, and the maximum speed can reach 4.05×10⁻³ m/s, and the migration movement is more obvious. The on-orbit test confirmed that the debris moved and gathered to the side of the insulated baffle. This paper reveals the migration rules of the charged debris in the conductive slip ring, which provides theoretical support and test basis for the insulation optimization design of the conductive slip ring.

YangWang-1 is the first commercial space telescope launched into orbit by China, and it has been in good operational condition for the past two years. It has achieved fruitful results in different disciplines, including Milky Way all-sky survey, night light remote sensing, natural disaster monitoring, atmospheric phenomena, etc. In the field of space science, the continuous growth of space debris and the risk of near-Earth asteroid impacts have become urgent problems that need to be solved. YangWang-1 has also made out a series of comprehensive applications in orbit, including automatic identification and cataloging of moving targets, maneuvers of artificial objects, observation of near-Earth asteroids, initial orbit determination of targets, and the census of geosynchronous orbit objects, based on its own hardware and characteristics. Through these attempts, we have accumulated a lot of useful results and achieved certain commercial value.

On Feb. 15, 2022, the EU and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy jointly issued the JOINT COMMUNICATION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL—An EU Approach for Space Traffic Management/An EU Contribution Addressing a Global Challenge. As the first EU approach on STM, its significance for the EU can be compared to its US counterpart the National Space Traffic Management Policy for the Trump Administration. The EU’s high attention to and all member countries’ resolution on STM make EU the major power in the global STM affairs. The Joint Communication answered the questions of “what, why and how” about the EU STM approach whose core content is the four avenues and ten actions. The difference between the EU approach on space traffic management and the US approach on space traffic coordination indicates different ways and potential conflict in the space traffic domain. The EU STM approach is full of compromises. While favoring a multilateral STM approach in the framework of the UN and promoting a regional approach on STM, the EU also wants to play a major role in the future establishment of a global STM system. While insisting on its strategic autonomy, the EU also gives priority to cooperation with the US and relies on US data. While maintaining a civilian STM under civilian control, the EU STM approach also highlights the specific needs of defense and security. The EU STM approach is multilayered, with STM-related activities primarily led at national level, while the EU leadership above is quite weak and the participation of the lower level of space industry is very limited. This approach hopefully will turn the EU STM “olive” structure into a cylinder shape in the future. The EU approach on STM will play a positive role in the safe, sustainable use of space by all countries.

This paper analyzes the current status of space debris and active debris removal techniques, and proposes a space debris removal scheme. The scheme elaborates on the overall concept design, debris removal process, capture methods, and relevant computational models. Based on three-dimensional visualization technology, a software design for visual simulation of space debris removal was completed, and simulation verification tests were conducted to dynamically demonstrate the visual simulation process of space debris removal missions. The test results indicate that the proposed space debris removal scheme can effectively accomplish debris capture. This work provides visual services and verification support for validating the feasibility of space debris removal schemes, which holds significant implications for future proactive space debris removal efforts and other on-orbit space missions.

The rapid increase of space debris has brought serious challenges to space activities.Large debris above 10cm can be observed by ground-based equipment and avoided through active control of the spacecraft.The spatial distribution of small debris below 10cm is difficult to detect and threatens the safety of the spacecraft,especially the micro debris below 1cm.This paper investigates the development situation of foreign micro space debris detection technology and the successful applications of related detectors.The development characteristics and trends of detection technology with different principles are analyzed and summarized.This paper will provide a reference for the research and development of themicro space debris detection technology for China.

Microbiological control technology in space station is a key technology ensuring the safety of astronauts and the long-term stable operation of spacecraft during extended manned missions. Firstly, the paper systematically reviewed the microbial contamination incidents in history space stations, summarizing the main characteristics of these incidents to provide warnings and lessons for the microbial protection and control of China Space Station. Then, it summarized the research progress in on-orbit microbial detection technology and on-orbit microbial control technology for space stations, with a focus on introducing the research conducted in these areas in China Space Station. Finally, the paper proposed a space station microbiological control technology system constructed by the author's research team from the perspective of systems engineering risk management, with the aim of accelerating the development of China Space Station microbiological control technology and fulfilling the microbial control requirements of China's manned space engineering.

With the increasing population of space objects,increasing complication of space systems,increasingrate of space events and increasing vagueness of space systems intention,the space security environment is becoming more complex,dynamic and uncertain and proposes more request on the coverage,fineness,timeliness and thoroughness of space situational awareness systems.Artificial intelligence technology can enhance the quality and speed of information acquisition,information processing,information presentation and information dissemination which provides vital support for space situational systems to meet the aforementioned requests.The application philosophy of data-driven and knowledge-driven,the application mode of human-machine learning from each other and interacting deeply,the application conditions of space security environment simulation should enhance to improve the application effects of artificial intelligence technology to space situational awareness systems.

"Where did life come from?" "Are humans unique in the universe?" These are the great scientific questions of the centuries. Stellar radiation and activity are the key factors that determine the habitability of planets. The scientific satellite proposed in this paper, i.e. the Ultraviolet-Visible stEllar activitY and Exoplanet Survey Satellite (UVEYES), is aimed at major scientific problems such as the detection of habitable exoplanets. It is the first time to observe stellar activity and search for exoplanets in both near-UV and optical wavelengths, which will make a major breakthrough in the search for another Earth. The payload includes four 30 cm telescopes designed with a common fields of view (10°×10°), which has an equivalent aperture of 50 cm. The main scientific goals of UVEYES include: to monitor the stellar activity of more than 10 million stars and to reveal some patterns; to observe more than 2,000 exoplanet candidates and to figure out atmospheric characteristics of hot planets; to discover "another Earth" around red dwarf stars. In addition, UVEYES can also play an important role in time domain astronomy such as detecting solar system small bodies, monitoring temporary source, searching and characterizing supermassive black hole and gravitational wave counterpart, which can help us to understand the physical mechanism of extreme high-energy events in the universe.

China's International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) project emphasizes a dual focus on scientific exploration and resource utilization, with in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) as a key technical component. To ensure the effective implementation of the ILRS, this study investigates the lunar transportation capacity required to support ISRU-related activities, including prospecting, mining, and construction. The paper begins by identifying the limitations of current lunar surface mobility in terms of range, speed, and sensory capabilities. It then defines the fundamental requirements for lunar transportation systems, focusing on the operational characteristics of both transportation lines and vehicles. As a solution, a vehicle-road coupled transportation system architecture is proposed. After evaluating existing technological options, the study outlines two potential development paths: integration and standardization. A trade-off framework is introduced to connect mission needs with candidate technologies. Additionally, three key research directions are recommended to guide the transition toward an optimized lunar transportation system in future high-level system designs.

Space environment governance (SEG) is a strategic and cutting-edge concept which was first proposed by Chinese space experts. It has become an important mission of building China into a space power in the new era and also an inevitable choice for ensuring the long-term sustainability of space activities carried out by the humankind. It is proposed that conception about relationship between the humankind and space environment could be categorized into four types, which are space environment conquest, space environment utilization, space environment management (control) as well as space environment governance. Characteristics of each type of conception are further elaborated. Evolution of concepts related to SEG is systematically studied and more than ten concepts are analyzed. Imbalance in conception of relationship between the humankind and space environment is analyzed from both an orbital area/celestial body perspective and a national perspective. Recommendations are proposed in order to foster the development of SEG and consolidate the first-move advantage of China.

This paper, Thermal-structural-optical integrated analysis and experimental research for the Cool Planet Imaging Coronagraph (CPI-C) on China Space Station Telescope (CSST). Firstly, temperature field distribution was simulated by a thermal simulation analysis software. Secondly, the temperature field was mapped onto the optical-mechanical system to calculate the mirror surface deformation. Then, the rigid translation and Zernike polynomial coefficients of the mirror surface were fitted by the finite element data of each mirror surface node. Then the analysis results are imported into Zemax to evaluate the influence of mirror surface shape change. Lastly, the optical performance was tested by 4D interferometer. The test results show that the RMS value of the wavefront distortion is 1/25 wavelength, which meets the design requirement of being better than 1/20 wavelength.

The Chinese space station is expected to have a mass between 60-70 tons,and will be the largest spacecraft that China has ever launched into orbit in the history.How to shield the station from risks of micro-meteoroid and space debris is a very important technology.The paper summarizes the development history of the shielding technology for Chinese space station,including the risk assessment,shielding structure development and optimization.The PNP of the Chinese space station rises from 0.000 to 0.9397 after shielding design.

Lunar surface elemental composition has always been a focused topic in the field of lunar exploration and research. Particle detectors, such as Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS) and Neutron Spectrometer (NS), are widely used to determine the distributions of natural radioactive elements (U, Th, K), major elements (Fe, Ca, Si, Al, Mg, etc.), and water ice (H) on the lunar surface. These findings have significantly promoted human understanding of the Moon origin and evolution, and have also driven the step to develop and utilize lunar resources, as well as to establish the lunar research station. Amidst future many lunar explorations, this paper discusses the generation mechanisms of gamma-rays and neutrons carrying elemental features. We introduce detection principles and detector responses of both GRS and NS, and give an overview of the main results and related data analysis methods for the lunar surface element composition over the past 30 years. This work can serve as a reference for future China lunar exploration missions such as Chang'E-7 and other deep space exploration tasks.

The 25-year rule for space debris mitigation formulated by NASA in 1995 has been adopted by many countries and organizations worldwide. However, the effect of this rule is being seriously challenged by the rising small satellites and mega-constellations. In September 2022, the FCC, independent of the White House, reporting to the Congress, introduced preemptively the 5-year rule for space debris mitigation, and has thus maintained its leadership in the area of space debris mitigation in the US. The executive branch of the US government may adopt the 5-year rule in next US Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices, and so further shape the international rules on space debris mitigation. The emerging of the 5-year rule indicates that the space debris mitigation rules are becoming more rigorous, in the meantime, it can probably promote the development of the Active Debris Removal (ADR) technologies, policies as well as the ADR industry.

Based on the literature research in recent years,this paper summarizes the research status of the existing spatial target cataloging and orbit determination methods,and summarizes the main engineering and technical problems faced in the application of the existing spatial target cataloguing.In the field of initial orbit determination,the follow-up research on the improved Laplace method,the improved Gauss method,and the pure goniometric method proposed in recent years were emphasized.In the field of precision orbit determination of space targets,the ex-post precision orbit determination method and the real-time precision orbit determination method are mainly studied.In the field of joint orbit determination,the joint orbit determination technology of multiple observation sources,the joint orbit determination technology based on model,and the joint orbit determination based on multi-source data fusion are mainly studied.Through a large number of literature researches,this paper summarizes and looks forward to the progress and development status of space target orbit determination theory and technology in recent years.

The increasing commercialization of outer space and the existence of large amounts of space debris pose a significant threat to outer space activities. It is worth noting that an increasing number of states, private entities, and non-governmental organizations are involved in active space debris removal activities. However, a prerequisite for these entities to engage in active space debris removal activities is the sound legal protection. Therefore, it is necessary to protect the rights of entities involved in space debris removal activities through clarifying the ownership of space debris, reasonably restricting and regulating the rights of the state of registry, and clarifying the liability for damage caused by active space debris removal.

Aiming at the problem of insufficient space-based observation resources, considering that a class of Earth remote sensing satellites have the ability to observe space targets, three kinds of observation constraints are given, which are idle window of satellite resources, imaging activity time and satellite operating conditions.Based on the analysis of the maximum task completion rate, the minimum change rate of the original scheme and the earliest task end time, a space-based observation supplement network planning model and algorithm based on time constraints are proposed.The algorithm effectively integrates the genetic algorithm and the squeaky wheel algorithm to form the complementary advantages of the two algorithms.The simulation example not only shows that increasing the number of observable resources is effective for the completion of space-based observation tasks, but also verifies that the genetic and squeaky wheel combination algorithm can improve the solution quality and speed of the replenishment network planning problem.The results show that it is not only feasible for a class of Earth remote sensing satellites to join the space-based observation supplement network in idle time, but also beneficial to the reusability and stability of the dynamic scheduling about space-based observation.

Understanding the components of asteroids plays an important role in guiding research on the origin and evolution of asteroids, utilization of space resources, and asteroid defense. Siliceous asteroids are the main type of near-Earth and inner main belt asteroids and are also the most common parent bodies of ordinary chondrite. In order to improve our understanding of the mineral composition of siliceous asteroids, the mineral compositions of eight siliceous asteroids with high spectral signal-to-noise ratios were investigated. By deconvolving the mixed spectrum of asteroids, we have obtained the absorption characteristics of ferromagnesian minerals, including their magnesium olivine index (Fo#) and the proportion of high-calcium pyroxene and then we identified the corresponding meteorite analogues for these asteroids. The results indicate that Sr-type asteroids (3) Juno, (808) Merxia and S-type asteroid (4197) Morpheus have higher Fo# and lower high-calcium pyroxene content, with surface compositions similar to H chondrites. The Sq-type asteroid (433) Eros has a relatively low Fo# and a high proportion of high-calcium pyroxene, with surface compositions resembling L chondrites. Sv-type asteroid (5) Astraea and S-type asteroid (17) Thetis have surfaces almost devoid of olivine, while V-type asteroids (3908) Nyx and (4055) Magellan lack olivine altogether, with surface mineral compositions similar to basaltic achondrites. The results show that even if they are all siliceous asteroids, their types have mineral diversity, and their correspondence with meteorite types is also complex and diverse. This is related to the origin and evolution of the asteroid itself and its later transformations such as space weathering and impact metamorphism. It also shows that the existing asteroid spectral classification system needs to be improved, and caution is needed when interpreting the mineral composition and evolution of asteroids based on spectra.

On April 4, 2022 Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) published Space Threat Assessment 2022.It made assessment in terms of military space organizations, launch and counterspace capabilities, targeting five key countries including China, Russia, Iran, North Korea, and India.Four key counterspace events in 2021 are identified, and several key issues are provided that the U.S.government should pay attention to in the coming year, such as electronic warfare, Russian anti-satellite tests, and space countermeasures in the future as well as the impact of international conflict on space cooperation.By tracking and analyzing the space threat assessment reports over the years, it is possible to study and judge the cognitive perspective, strategic policy trends and future technological development trends of the United States in the field of space security.